Isonicotinic acid: Structure, synthesis, applications and biochemical significance

Isonicotinic acid is an organic compound and is also is referred as 4-carboxypyridine. This compound is also known by the name picolinic acid. In the same way as other compounds based on pyridine, 4-carboxypyridine possesses a pyridine ring that has been altered by the addition of a carboxylic acid. The acid has a pH value of 3.39. At the 4'-carbon position, the carboxyl group of isonicotinic acid is connected to the pyridine ring via a chemical bond.

Nicotinic acid is an isomer of isonicotinic acid. Like isonicotinic acid, it contains an attached carboxylic group, but in this case it is located at the third carbon of the ring. Nicotinic acid can be converted into an isomer by reacting with isonicotinic acid. The chemical formula of isonicotinic acid is C6H5NO2 and its molecular weight is 123.11 gmol-1. To be more specific (4-carboxypyridine, isonicotinic acid). Its chemical structure can be written as following:

Isonicotinic acid and its derivatives find use in a variety of various fields of business, including the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries. This chemical serves as the foundation for a lot of other therapies that are successful.

Synthesis

• Isonicotinic acid can be produced from gamma and beta picolines by first converting the gamma picoline to 4-styryl pyridine through a reaction with benzaldehyde, and then heating the reaction mixture with a highly acidic oxidising agent between 100 and 145 degrees Celsius.
• This process can be repeated as many times as necessary to produce the desired amount of isonicotinic acid.
• Recovering the isonicotinic acid that was obtained as a result of this process, heating the mixture at a temperature and for a period of time sufficient to oxidise the 4-styryl pyridine and produce isonicotinic acid, but insufficient to oxidise a significant amount of the beta picoline, and finally recovering the beta picoline that had not been affected by the oxidation process.

The synthesis of isonicotinic acid has become more significant with the discovery of a medication called isonicotinic acid hydrazide, which is used to treat and prevent TB. The production of isonicotinic acid can be simplified to the greatest extent by beginning with a mixture of beta and gamma picolines. Due to the fact that these compounds all have similar boiling points, it is unfortunately very difficult to separate them.

This highlights the need for dependable ways of procuring raw materials with reduced oxidation potential, which are necessary for the manufacturing of isonicotinic acid. These raw materials are required for the production of isonicotinic acid. It has been demonstrated that 4-vinyl pyridines may be oxidised with either nitric or sulfuric acid or with nitric acid alone, resulting in isonicotinic acid. This acid can be recovered in very pure form by following processes that are both standard and straightforward.

Uses

Isonicotinic acid has a variety of uses in industry, including the following:

• A pyranopyrazole-based heterocyclic compound-making organocatalyst that is utilised in the process of condensation that only requires one pot and four components.
• An organic ligand that, in the presence of copper (I) halides, can undergo a hydrothermal reaction to produce the [CuBr(IN)]n coordination polymer.
• Used in the manufacture of powerful cation-dimer antimalarial medicines as a precursor.
• Medicines derived from this chemical are most commonly employed in the treatment of tuberculosis in human patients. It has been demonstrated that Ethionamide and Protionamide, two medications that are produced from the same chemical, may successfully cure tuberculosis in patients who have established a resistance to a number of different therapies. Iproniazid is yet another effective medicine for the treatment of depression, despite the fact that it was first created for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB).

Nicotinic acid

Nicotinic acid is the term given to nicotine in its chemical form. Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin, and the derivatives of this vitamin are necessary for the production of cellular energy and the repair of DNA. The fact that the carboxylic acid group is linked to the pyridine ring at position 3 is referred to by its chemical name, 3-Picolinic acid. Niacinamide, which is often written nicotinamide, is an amide derivative of niacin, which is a molecule that belongs to the vitamin B3 family. It has a melting point of 236.6 degrees Celsius and dissolves in water at a rate of 83.1 grammes per litre. It may be found in nature in a broad variety of foods, most notably citrus fruits.

The chemical structure of nicotinic acid can be written as:

Nicotinic acid goes by a variety of names, including vitamin B3 and niacin, to mention just a couple of them. Vitamins that are soluble in water and can be consumed with it. Niacin may be gained in a number of ways, including through one's food as well as through other sources. The human body is also capable of producing its own supply of niacin. Both of these methods are equally efficient in the way they tackle the problem. Even a slight deficiency in niacin can cause a slowing of metabolism and, as a result, a decline in one's ability to tolerate cold temperatures. This is in contrast to the condition pellagra, which is caused by an extreme absence of niacin.

Uses

The following are some of the applications of nicotinic acid:

• Included in the regular vitamin supply for MS patients.
• Developed to separate siderophores from E. coli cultures and detect their presence.
• The holographic environment that an adult fruit fly lives in is a factor.

Biochemical Significance

Niacin is essential for the process of oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria, which is the mechanism through which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is generated. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is formed from adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), which is the precursor of NAD+. The inhibitory effects of the drug on the synthesis of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and apolipoprotein B in the liver (apo-B). Pellagra is an autoimmune disease that may be traced back to a niacin deficit.